Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel, SERC Reliability Corporation / Virginia-Carolina, Reference case |
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Fuels | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | 2029 | 2030 | 2031 | 2032 | 2033 | 2034 | 2035 | Growth Rate (2009-2035) |
Electric Power Sector 1/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Generating Capacity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(gigawatts) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conventional Hydropower | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.68 | 2.69 | 2.69 | 2.69 | 2.69 | 0.0% |
Geothermal 2/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Municipal Waste 3/ | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.0% |
Wood and Other Biomass | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.0% |
Solar Thermal | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Solar Photovoltaic 4/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | - - |
Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.68 | 0.78 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.91 | 0.96 | 1.01 | 1.01 | - - |
Offshore Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Total | 3.02 | 3.02 | 3.02 | 3.21 | 3.59 | 3.59 | 3.59 | 3.59 | 3.59 | 3.59 | 3.59 | 3.59 | 3.59 | 3.59 | 3.59 | 3.59 | 3.59 | 3.59 | 3.59 | 3.63 | 3.69 | 3.79 | 3.86 | 3.86 | 3.94 | 4.00 | 4.05 | 4.05 | 1.1% |
Electricity Generation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(billion kilowatthours) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conventional Hydropower | 2.98 | 5.17 | 4.73 | 5.01 | 5.18 | 5.33 | 5.47 | 5.61 | 5.76 | 5.76 | 5.76 | 5.76 | 5.76 | 5.76 | 5.76 | 5.76 | 5.76 | 5.76 | 5.76 | 5.76 | 5.76 | 5.76 | 5.76 | 5.76 | 5.81 | 5.81 | 5.81 | 5.81 | 0.4% |
Geothermal 2/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Biogenic Municipal Waste 5/ | 0.75 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.2% |
Wood and Other Biomass | 1.20 | 1.24 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.64 | 1.65 | 2.20 | 3.76 | 4.81 | 5.00 | 5.26 | 5.44 | 6.79 | 6.08 | 7.19 | 6.78 | 5.31 | 5.21 | 5.19 | 4.37 | 4.22 | 4.23 | 4.37 | 4.15 | 4.05 | 4.24 | 4.11 | 3.92 | 4.5% |
Solar Thermal | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Solar Photovoltaic 4/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | - - |
Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.76 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 2.04 | 2.15 | 2.33 | 2.62 | 2.81 | 2.81 | 3.01 | 3.13 | 3.25 | 3.25 | - - |
Offshore Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Total | 4.93 | 7.18 | 6.60 | 7.63 | 9.66 | 9.82 | 10.51 | 12.21 | 13.41 | 13.61 | 13.87 | 14.04 | 15.39 | 14.68 | 15.79 | 15.38 | 13.91 | 13.81 | 13.79 | 13.08 | 13.12 | 13.41 | 13.75 | 13.52 | 13.67 | 13.99 | 13.99 | 13.80 | 2.5% |
Energy Consumption 6/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(quadrillion Btu) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conventional Hydropower | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.4% |
Geothermal 2/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Biogenic Municipal Waste 5/ | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.2% |
Wood and Other Biomass | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 5.9% |
Solar Thermal | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Solar Photovoltaic 4/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | - - |
Offshore Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Total | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 2.8% |
End-Use Generators 7/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Generating Capacity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(gigawatts) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conventional Hydropower 8/ | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.0% |
Geothermal 2/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Municipal Waste | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.0% |
Wood and Other Biomass | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.83 | 0.88 | 0.93 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.15 | 1.33 | 1.39 | 1.43 | 1.53 | 1.51 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.53 | 1.51 | 1.51 | 1.51 | 1.51 | 1.51 | 1.51 | 2.6% |
Solar Photovoltaic 4/ | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.47 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 10.8% |
Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 31.8% |
Total | 0.80 | 0.84 | 0.95 | 1.08 | 1.20 | 1.34 | 1.42 | 1.53 | 1.60 | 1.61 | 1.62 | 1.62 | 1.64 | 1.74 | 1.93 | 1.99 | 2.02 | 2.13 | 2.11 | 2.10 | 2.11 | 2.14 | 2.12 | 2.13 | 2.13 | 2.13 | 2.14 | 2.14 | 3.7% |
Electricity Generation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(billion kilowatthours) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conventional Hydropower 8/ | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.0% |
Geothermal 2/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Municipal Waste | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.0% |
Wood and Other Biomass | 4.20 | 4.20 | 4.57 | 4.83 | 5.12 | 5.47 | 5.60 | 5.77 | 5.59 | 5.63 | 5.69 | 5.70 | 5.80 | 6.68 | 8.23 | 8.77 | 9.06 | 9.98 | 9.82 | 9.68 | 9.74 | 9.97 | 9.83 | 9.83 | 9.83 | 9.83 | 9.83 | 9.83 | 3.3% |
Solar Photovoltaic 4/ | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.48 | 0.59 | 0.71 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 11.0% |
Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 31.8% |
Total | 4.43 | 4.49 | 4.92 | 5.31 | 5.70 | 6.18 | 6.42 | 6.71 | 6.67 | 6.72 | 6.78 | 6.79 | 6.89 | 7.77 | 9.32 | 9.86 | 10.15 | 11.07 | 10.91 | 10.78 | 10.84 | 11.08 | 10.94 | 10.94 | 10.95 | 10.95 | 10.96 | 10.96 | 3.5% |
Energy Consumption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(quadrillion Btu) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conventional Hydropower 8/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0% |
Geothermal 2/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Municipal Waste | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0% |
Wood and Other Biomass | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 1.5% |
Solar Photovoltaic 4/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 11.0% |
Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 31.8% |
Total | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 1.5% |
1/ Includes electricity-only and combined heat and power plants whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
and heat, to the public. Includes small power producers and exempt wholesale generators. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2/ Includes both hydrothermal resources (hot water and steam) and near-field enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Near-field EGS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
potential occurs on known hydrothermal sites, however this potential requires the addition of external fluids for electricity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
generation and is only available after 2025. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3/ Includes all municipal waste, landfill gas, and municipal sewage sludge. Incremental growth is assumed to be for landfill gas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
facilities. All municipal waste is included, although a portion of the municipal waste stream contains petroleum-derived plastics and | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
other non-renewable sources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4/ Does not include off-grid photovoltaics (PV). Based on annual PV shipments from 1989 through 2008, EIA estimates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
that as much as 237 megawatts of remote electricity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
generation PV applications (i.e., off-grid power systems) were in service in 2008, plus an additional 550 megawatts in | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
communications, transportation, and assorted other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
non-grid-connected, specialized applications. See U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2009, DOE/EIA-0384(2009) (Washington, DC, August 2010), Table 10.9 (annual PV shipments, 1989-2008). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The approach used to develop the estimate, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
based on shipment data, provides an upper estimate of the size of the PV stock, including both grid-based and off-grid PV. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
It will overestimate the size of the stock, because | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
shipments include a substantial number of units that are exported, and each year some of the PV units installed earlier | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
will be retired from service or abandoned. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5/ Includes biogenic municipal waste, landfill gas, and municipal sewage sludge. Incremental growth is assumed | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
to be for landfill gas facilities. Only biogenic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
municipal waste is included. The U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that in 2008 approximately 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
billion kilowatthours of electricity were generated from a municipal waste | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
stream containing petroleum-derived plastics and other non-renewable sources. See U.S. Energy Information Administration, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Methodology for Allocating Municipal Solid Waste to Biogenic and Non-Biogenic Energy, (Washington, DC, May 2007). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6/ Actual heat rates used to determine fuel consumption for all renewable fuels except hydropower, solar, and wind. Consumption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
at hydroelectric, solar, and wind facilities determined by using the fossil fuel equivalent of 9,854 Btu per kilowatthour. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7/ Includes combined heat and power plants and electricity-only plants in the commercial and industrial sectors; | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
and small on-site generating systems in the residential, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
commercial, and industrial sectors used primarily for own-use generation, but which may also sell some power to the grid. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8/ Represents own-use industrial hydroelectric power. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2009 are model results and may differ slightly from official EIA data reports. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sources: 2008 and 2009 generation: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, DOE/EIA-0384(2009) (Washington, DC, August 2010). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Projections: EIA, AEO2011 National Energy Modeling System. |