Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel, SERC Reliability Corporation / Central, Reference case |
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Fuels | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | 2029 | 2030 | 2031 | 2032 | 2033 | 2034 | 2035 | Growth Rate (2009-2035) |
Electric Power Sector 1/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Generating Capacity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(gigawatts) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conventional Hydropower | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.86 | 4.95 | 4.95 | 4.95 | 4.95 | 4.95 | 4.95 | 5.13 | 5.13 | 5.21 | 5.21 | 0.3% |
Geothermal 2/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Municipal Waste 3/ | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.0% |
Wood and Other Biomass | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Solar Thermal | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Solar Photovoltaic 4/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | - - |
Offshore Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Total | 4.90 | 4.90 | 4.90 | 4.90 | 4.94 | 4.94 | 4.94 | 4.94 | 4.94 | 4.94 | 4.94 | 4.94 | 4.94 | 4.94 | 4.94 | 4.94 | 4.94 | 4.94 | 5.04 | 5.04 | 5.06 | 5.06 | 5.06 | 5.06 | 5.23 | 5.23 | 5.31 | 5.31 | 0.3% |
Electricity Generation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(billion kilowatthours) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conventional Hydropower | 11.60 | 20.07 | 15.26 | 16.16 | 16.71 | 17.18 | 17.65 | 18.11 | 18.58 | 18.58 | 18.58 | 18.58 | 18.58 | 18.58 | 18.58 | 18.58 | 18.58 | 18.58 | 18.81 | 18.81 | 18.81 | 18.81 | 18.81 | 18.81 | 19.67 | 19.67 | 20.08 | 20.08 | 0.0% |
Geothermal 2/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Biogenic Municipal Waste 5/ | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.6% |
Wood and Other Biomass | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.44 | 0.54 | 0.58 | 0.80 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.15 | 1.06 | 1.16 | 1.38 | 1.51 | 1.46 | 1.47 | 1.10 | 1.26 | 1.12 | 1.15 | 1.27 | 1.27 | 1.38 | 1.69 | 1.96 | 2.69 | 3.12 | - - |
Solar Thermal | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Solar Photovoltaic 4/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Wind | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 5.9% |
Offshore Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Total | 11.77 | 20.25 | 15.53 | 16.46 | 17.46 | 18.03 | 18.54 | 19.22 | 19.94 | 19.97 | 20.03 | 19.94 | 20.05 | 20.26 | 20.39 | 20.34 | 20.36 | 19.99 | 20.39 | 20.25 | 20.35 | 20.46 | 20.47 | 20.57 | 21.74 | 22.01 | 23.15 | 23.58 | 0.6% |
Energy Consumption 6/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(quadrillion Btu) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conventional Hydropower | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.0% |
Geothermal 2/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Biogenic Municipal Waste 5/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.6% |
Wood and Other Biomass | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | - - |
Solar Thermal | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Solar Photovoltaic 4/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.9% |
Offshore Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Total | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.6% |
End-Use Generators 7/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Generating Capacity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(gigawatts) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conventional Hydropower 8/ | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.0% |
Geothermal 2/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Municipal Waste | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Wood and Other Biomass | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.40 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.75 | 0.78 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 3.2% |
Solar Photovoltaic 4/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 11.2% |
Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.7% |
Total | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 0.59 | 0.64 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.77 | 0.81 | 0.86 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 2.7% |
Electricity Generation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(billion kilowatthours) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conventional Hydropower 8/ | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.0% |
Geothermal 2/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Municipal Waste | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.0% |
Wood and Other Biomass | 2.16 | 2.16 | 2.40 | 2.61 | 2.82 | 3.03 | 3.05 | 3.19 | 3.17 | 3.23 | 3.27 | 3.28 | 3.38 | 3.46 | 3.81 | 4.28 | 4.90 | 5.09 | 5.16 | 5.35 | 5.43 | 5.33 | 5.34 | 5.35 | 5.36 | 5.37 | 5.38 | 5.39 | 3.6% |
Solar Photovoltaic 4/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 11.4% |
Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.7% |
Total | 2.76 | 2.77 | 3.01 | 3.24 | 3.46 | 3.68 | 3.71 | 3.85 | 3.84 | 3.90 | 3.95 | 3.96 | 4.06 | 4.14 | 4.48 | 4.95 | 5.57 | 5.76 | 5.84 | 6.03 | 6.11 | 6.00 | 6.01 | 6.02 | 6.03 | 6.04 | 6.05 | 6.06 | 3.1% |
Energy Consumption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(quadrillion Btu) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conventional Hydropower 8/ | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.0% |
Geothermal 2/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Municipal Waste | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0% |
Wood and Other Biomass | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 2.2% |
Solar Photovoltaic 4/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 11.4% |
Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.7% |
Total | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 1.9% |
1/ Includes electricity-only and combined heat and power plants whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
and heat, to the public. Includes small power producers and exempt wholesale generators. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2/ Includes both hydrothermal resources (hot water and steam) and near-field enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Near-field EGS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
potential occurs on known hydrothermal sites, however this potential requires the addition of external fluids for electricity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
generation and is only available after 2025. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3/ Includes all municipal waste, landfill gas, and municipal sewage sludge. Incremental growth is assumed to be for landfill gas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
facilities. All municipal waste is included, although a portion of the municipal waste stream contains petroleum-derived plastics and | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
other non-renewable sources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4/ Does not include off-grid photovoltaics (PV). Based on annual PV shipments from 1989 through 2008, EIA estimates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
that as much as 237 megawatts of remote electricity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
generation PV applications (i.e., off-grid power systems) were in service in 2008, plus an additional 550 megawatts in | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
communications, transportation, and assorted other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
non-grid-connected, specialized applications. See U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2009, DOE/EIA-0384(2009) (Washington, DC, August 2010), Table 10.9 (annual PV shipments, 1989-2008). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The approach used to develop the estimate, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
based on shipment data, provides an upper estimate of the size of the PV stock, including both grid-based and off-grid PV. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
It will overestimate the size of the stock, because | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
shipments include a substantial number of units that are exported, and each year some of the PV units installed earlier | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
will be retired from service or abandoned. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5/ Includes biogenic municipal waste, landfill gas, and municipal sewage sludge. Incremental growth is assumed | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
to be for landfill gas facilities. Only biogenic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
municipal waste is included. The U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that in 2008 approximately 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
billion kilowatthours of electricity were generated from a municipal waste | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
stream containing petroleum-derived plastics and other non-renewable sources. See U.S. Energy Information Administration, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Methodology for Allocating Municipal Solid Waste to Biogenic and Non-Biogenic Energy, (Washington, DC, May 2007). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6/ Actual heat rates used to determine fuel consumption for all renewable fuels except hydropower, solar, and wind. Consumption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
at hydroelectric, solar, and wind facilities determined by using the fossil fuel equivalent of 9,854 Btu per kilowatthour. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7/ Includes combined heat and power plants and electricity-only plants in the commercial and industrial sectors; | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
and small on-site generating systems in the residential, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
commercial, and industrial sectors used primarily for own-use generation, but which may also sell some power to the grid. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8/ Represents own-use industrial hydroelectric power. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2009 are model results and may differ slightly from official EIA data reports. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sources: 2008 and 2009 generation: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, DOE/EIA-0384(2009) (Washington, DC, August 2010). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Projections: EIA, AEO2011 National Energy Modeling System. |