Renewable Energy Generation by Fuel, Reliability First Corporation / West, Reference case |
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Fuels | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | 2029 | 2030 | 2031 | 2032 | 2033 | 2034 | 2035 | Growth Rate (2009-2035) |
Electric Power Sector 1/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Generating Capacity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(gigawatts) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conventional Hydropower | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.5% |
Geothermal 2/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Municipal Waste 3/ | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.0% |
Wood and Other Biomass | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.0% |
Solar Thermal | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Solar Photovoltaic 4/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Wind | 0.66 | 1.29 | 1.75 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.46 | 2.5% |
Offshore Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Total | 1.85 | 2.49 | 2.94 | 3.65 | 3.65 | 3.65 | 3.65 | 3.65 | 3.65 | 3.65 | 3.65 | 3.65 | 3.65 | 3.78 | 3.78 | 3.78 | 3.78 | 3.89 | 3.89 | 3.89 | 3.91 | 3.91 | 4.04 | 4.04 | 4.04 | 4.04 | 4.04 | 4.04 | 1.9% |
Electricity Generation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(billion kilowatthours) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conventional Hydropower | 3.11 | 3.60 | 1.51 | 1.60 | 1.65 | 1.70 | 1.75 | 1.79 | 1.84 | 1.84 | 1.84 | 1.84 | 1.84 | 2.29 | 2.29 | 2.29 | 2.29 | 2.62 | 2.62 | 2.62 | 2.69 | 2.69 | 3.07 | 3.07 | 3.07 | 3.09 | 3.09 | 3.09 | -0.6% |
Geothermal 2/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Biogenic Municipal Waste 5/ | 1.06 | 1.15 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.70 | 1.5% |
Wood and Other Biomass | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.47 | 0.85 | 1.71 | 2.03 | 3.14 | 3.11 | 3.08 | 3.80 | 4.50 | 5.89 | 5.37 | 4.71 | 5.55 | 5.12 | 5.31 | 4.81 | 4.96 | 5.11 | 5.11 | 5.36 | 5.11 | 5.52 | 6.27 | 4.90 | 21.3% |
Solar Thermal | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Solar Photovoltaic 4/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Wind | 0.66 | 2.18 | 3.41 | 4.90 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 6.21 | 4.1% |
Offshore Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Total | 4.85 | 6.96 | 7.01 | 8.57 | 10.03 | 10.45 | 11.36 | 11.73 | 12.89 | 12.86 | 12.82 | 13.54 | 14.25 | 16.09 | 15.57 | 14.91 | 15.75 | 15.64 | 15.83 | 15.34 | 15.56 | 15.71 | 16.09 | 16.34 | 16.09 | 16.51 | 17.26 | 15.90 | 3.2% |
Energy Consumption 6/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(quadrillion Btu) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conventional Hydropower | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | -0.6% |
Geothermal 2/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Biogenic Municipal Waste 5/ | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1.5% |
Wood and Other Biomass | 0.00 | -0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | - - |
Solar Thermal | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Solar Photovoltaic 4/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Wind | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 4.1% |
Offshore Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Total | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.16 | 3.2% |
End-Use Generators 7/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Generating Capacity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(gigawatts) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conventional Hydropower 8/ | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.0% |
Geothermal 2/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Municipal Waste | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.0% |
Wood and Other Biomass | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.28 | 0.40 | 0.55 | 0.74 | 0.95 | 1.18 | 1.24 | 1.25 | 1.28 | 1.30 | 1.33 | 1.36 | 1.38 | 1.41 | 11.8% |
Solar Photovoltaic 4/ | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.30 | 0.46 | 0.54 | 0.62 | 0.73 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 10.7% |
Wind | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 10.8% |
Total | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.58 | 0.79 | 0.99 | 1.09 | 1.19 | 1.34 | 1.47 | 1.48 | 1.48 | 1.51 | 1.54 | 1.55 | 1.61 | 1.73 | 1.88 | 2.07 | 2.30 | 2.53 | 2.59 | 2.61 | 2.64 | 2.67 | 2.70 | 2.74 | 2.77 | 2.80 | 7.4% |
Electricity Generation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(billion kilowatthours) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conventional Hydropower 8/ | 1.28 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.25 | 0.0% |
Geothermal 2/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Municipal Waste | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.0% |
Wood and Other Biomass | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.56 | 0.61 | 0.65 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 1.30 | 1.54 | 1.57 | 1.96 | 2.89 | 3.97 | 5.37 | 6.98 | 8.69 | 9.11 | 9.19 | 9.38 | 9.58 | 9.78 | 9.99 | 10.19 | 10.38 | 12.3% |
Solar Photovoltaic 4/ | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.39 | 0.60 | 0.71 | 0.82 | 0.97 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.12 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.16 | 1.16 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.19 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 10.8% |
Wind | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 10.9% |
Total | 1.89 | 1.95 | 2.17 | 2.48 | 2.78 | 2.97 | 3.11 | 3.49 | 3.68 | 3.74 | 3.78 | 4.03 | 4.27 | 4.30 | 4.69 | 5.62 | 6.71 | 8.11 | 9.73 | 11.45 | 11.87 | 11.96 | 12.16 | 12.37 | 12.58 | 12.79 | 13.00 | 13.20 | 7.6% |
Energy Consumption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(quadrillion Btu) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conventional Hydropower 8/ | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.0% |
Geothermal 2/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - - |
Municipal Waste | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.0% |
Wood and Other Biomass | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 11.5% |
Solar Photovoltaic 4/ | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 10.8% |
Wind | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 10.9% |
Total | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 7.4% |
1/ Includes electricity-only and combined heat and power plants whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
and heat, to the public. Includes small power producers and exempt wholesale generators. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2/ Includes both hydrothermal resources (hot water and steam) and near-field enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Near-field EGS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
potential occurs on known hydrothermal sites, however this potential requires the addition of external fluids for electricity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
generation and is only available after 2025. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3/ Includes all municipal waste, landfill gas, and municipal sewage sludge. Incremental growth is assumed to be for landfill gas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
facilities. All municipal waste is included, although a portion of the municipal waste stream contains petroleum-derived plastics and | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
other non-renewable sources. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4/ Does not include off-grid photovoltaics (PV). Based on annual PV shipments from 1989 through 2008, EIA estimates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
that as much as 237 megawatts of remote electricity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
generation PV applications (i.e., off-grid power systems) were in service in 2008, plus an additional 550 megawatts in | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
communications, transportation, and assorted other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
non-grid-connected, specialized applications. See U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2009, DOE/EIA-0384(2009) (Washington, DC, August 2010), Table 10.9 (annual PV shipments, 1989-2008). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The approach used to develop the estimate, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
based on shipment data, provides an upper estimate of the size of the PV stock, including both grid-based and off-grid PV. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
It will overestimate the size of the stock, because | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
shipments include a substantial number of units that are exported, and each year some of the PV units installed earlier | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
will be retired from service or abandoned. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5/ Includes biogenic municipal waste, landfill gas, and municipal sewage sludge. Incremental growth is assumed | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
to be for landfill gas facilities. Only biogenic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
municipal waste is included. The U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that in 2008 approximately 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
billion kilowatthours of electricity were generated from a municipal waste | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
stream containing petroleum-derived plastics and other non-renewable sources. See U.S. Energy Information Administration, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Methodology for Allocating Municipal Solid Waste to Biogenic and Non-Biogenic Energy, (Washington, DC, May 2007). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6/ Actual heat rates used to determine fuel consumption for all renewable fuels except hydropower, solar, and wind. Consumption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
at hydroelectric, solar, and wind facilities determined by using the fossil fuel equivalent of 9,854 Btu per kilowatthour. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7/ Includes combined heat and power plants and electricity-only plants in the commercial and industrial sectors; | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
and small on-site generating systems in the residential, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
commercial, and industrial sectors used primarily for own-use generation, but which may also sell some power to the grid. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8/ Represents own-use industrial hydroelectric power. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Note: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. Data for | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2009 are model results and may differ slightly from official EIA data reports. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sources: 2008 and 2009 generation: EIA, Annual Energy Review 2009, DOE/EIA-0384(2009) (Washington, DC, August 2010). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Projections: EIA, AEO2011 National Energy Modeling System. |